持续的气候变化是全球关注的问题，相关变暖的影响在北部纬度（60°N以上）最突出。近年来，我们对气候变化影响和未预测的长期后果的一般理解已大大增加。但是，关于气候变化对传染病传播以及如何确定这些疾病的影响，仍然存在很大的知识。这项研究旨在优先考虑与人类和北部地区的动物相关性的气候敏感感染。尤其是驯鹿，一些动物物种更容易受到温度变化的影响。日益增长的气候变化彻底塑造了传染病的流行病学和地理。
The ecosystem changes, such as weather and precipitation, directly affect survival and reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms, as well as its animal reservoirs and vectors. Further, opportunistic infections may thrive when wild or semi-domesticated animals get stressed due to lack of feed or water or due to fragmentation of habitats and increased animal density.
Northern societies are highly dependent on healthy animals and their ecosystems. Both animal and human health will most likely be affected by changes in the distribution and virulence of zoonotic pathogens (transmitted between animals and humans) caused by climate change. Sheep farming and reindeer herding, hunting, fishing and tourism for the economic development of rural populations are central. Climate change adds on stressors on reindeer herding, which is already burdened by transformed land use and predators. Reindeer are immunologically naïve for many new infections, which may cause a detrimental effect. In particular, infectious diseases in the eyes and mouth of the reindeer can be unexpectedly severe with an aggressive course. These infections cause animal suffering both because of pain and difficulties to find food and to eat, which will further decrease animal welfare and body condition, cause reproductive failure and may also lead to starvation and increased risk of being killed by predators. Such diseases may also severely impact the economy of herders and stakeholders.
In the present study, an expert panel, representing 20 experts with comprehensive knowledge in veterinary and human medicine, epidemiology, virology, bacteriology and ecology, selected potential climate-sensitive infections that were judged to become important in the region reaching from Greenland in the west to Siberia in the east, above 60◦N. A systematic literature was performed using the main and identified unique keywords along with the specific inclusion criteria. In total 1275 abstracts were evaluated by experts from Scandinavia and Russian Federation with thorough knowledge on infectious diseases. Thirty-seven potential climate-sensitive infections were revealed, 76% of which were zoonotic infections.
Among non-zoonotic infections, alphaherpes virus,杆菌死灵杆菌(necrobacillosis), parapopxvirus (Orf) and pestivirus were characterized as potential and indirect climate-sensitive infections, since they are often associated with feeding of reindeer, which is one way of mitigating climate change and ice-locked winter pastures. However, results showed only a handful of abstracts were considered to belong to the contact transmission category. One reason for this may be the fact that these diseases mainly cause problems in reindeer and other ungulates and may not be much studied with respect to influence of climate change.
tick是节肢动物载体最常与气候敏感感染有关的。
Around half of the abstracts evaluated were placed in the arthropod vector-borne category, including diseases transmitted by ticks, midges and mosquitoes. Ticks were the arthropod vector most often associated with climate-sensitive infections (41%), and also most often associated with a European focus. Climate change seems to facilitate a stable expansion of ticks, such asixodes ricinus，到更高的纬度，海拔高度以及从海岸到内陆。壁虱是传染剂的重要媒介，其地理分布受到气候变化的青睐。
While Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis are the most relevant human tick-borne pathogen in Europe,Babesia spp。静脉属的细菌和细菌是最广泛的壁虱传播病原体，这可能对北部的未受保护的驯鹿人口致命。在准备框架内迫切需要评估tick虫向驯鹿放牧区域的重要性以及tick传播病原体的可能性增加。
注释