成瘾应受到治疗,不要受到惩罚:接受诺拉·D·沃尔科(Nora D. Volkow)的采访

As part of the SDG3 good health and wellbeing initiative at Springer Nature, we talk to Nora Volkow, the Director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse at the National Institutes of Health, on her views about the treatment of addictions.

Nora D. Volkow, M.D., is the Director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse at the National Institutes of Health. A research psychiatrist and scientist by training, Dr. Volkow calls for a shift in US policies on drug addiction: For those with substance use disorders, treatment, not punishment.

她认为,将使用毒品定为定居和监禁的人的当前法律和政策是适得其反的,并加剧了当前的阿片类药物过量危机和其他与成瘾有关的问题。

Volkow博士讨论她最近的观点,,,,published inNeuropsychopharmacology,,,,医学和生命科学期刊执行编辑Elizabeth Yepez以及SN SDG心理健康研究小组的联合主席Rachel Daniel,Springer行为和健康科学书籍的编辑总监。

告诉我们您决定以您的正式董事身份表达这些观点。
在担任美国国家药物滥用研究所主任的职务中,我监督了关于成瘾和相关问题的资助研究的最大投资组合,我每天都看到科学证据。去年,2020年,尽管阿片类药物使用障碍的医学治疗进展以及对美国成瘾和过量危机的广泛认可,但仍是药物过量死亡的最糟糕的一年。作为一个国家,我们必须重新评估我们如何解决吸毒的方法,科学为有效的问题提供了一些答案,而与犯罪问题无关。

我们注意到您使用“物质使用障碍”一词。为什么那种语言?
关于成瘾的最常见误解之一是认为这是一种选择或角色缺陷。它不是。它是一种脑部疾病,是一种慢性,复发性疾病,其特征是强迫药物寻求和继续使用,尽管有害后果以及脑电路的变化。它既被认为是复杂的脑部疾病,也是一种精神疾病。精神障碍V的诊断和统计手册V是建立诊断术语的精神疾病的金标准文本,使用“药物使用障碍”一词。重要的是,我们的语言选择,尤其是在专业背景下,强化这是一种需要循证医疗的疾病。这仍然是美国的主要差距,无论是在文化上还是医疗保健环境中。

您的文章强调了已发表的研究(“丰富数据”),这些研究表明当前的执法,惩罚和治疗访问不成比例地和负面影响黑人生活。如果这已经知道,为什么它会持续存在?
It is clear that the United States is currently reckoning with a long history of discriminatory and racist policies, many of which still continue today. The War on Drugs was no exception, and by incarcerating Black people at disproportionately high rates, it has had radiating effects into health, economic security and mobility, education, housing, families – areas intrinsically connected with the well-being and success of so many Black and other people of color. In science, we often must say that we don’t yet have an answer, that “more research is needed.” But the evidence here is straightforward and solid, and needs to inform an urgent conversation.

What is an example of a “public health-based alternative” to criminalization? Is there evidence that it can work?
有证据表明,与公共卫生的毒品使用方法相关的积极结果,但是,毒品法律和执法实践存在很大差异。在当前的六个用于处理毒品财产的非刑事化模型中,有四种包括采用教育,治疗或社会服务途径的方法。

作为帮助结束成瘾长期倡议或NIH Heal倡议的一部分,正义社区阿片类药物创新网络(JCOIN)多站点研究是基于公共卫生的方法的一个很好的例子。JCOIN研究正在调查为阿片类药物滥用和OUD在司法环境中增加高质量治疗和护理的方法。JCOIN将测试与地方和州司法系统以及基于社区的治疗提供者合作扩大有效治疗和护理的策略。此外,纽约的JCOIN枢纽还正在研究阿片类药物法院模型,以替代监禁,旨在减少过量,累犯,并改善使用阿片类药物使用障碍的药物的服务提供和连接。

您认为这种公共卫生方法背后有共识吗?
We have serious work to do. There is stigma associated with drug use and addiction that is deeply ingrained in culture and society around the world. Many diseases, particularly mental health disorders, are stigmatized. As humans, we are taught to fear sickness, and to alienate what is different from us. But this is a losing proposition. We all get sick, we all have needs, and we all benefit from a system that works to treat diseases and conditions with evidence-based care and compassion. Making this cognitive shift will likely be critical to achieving the political will to implement a widespread public health approach.

在Sp金博宝网站ringer的本质上,我们致力于通过支持研究人员和积极的声音来促进进步来实现可持续发展目标的进步,从而促进了对此目标中所有目标和指标的基于跨学科的方法。Learn more about ourSpringer Nature SDG Programme

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