新的灌溉科学:如何接种错误信息传播

假新闻的传播是一个日益严重的问题,尤其是在线,在现实世界中产生了严重的后果。在书面evidenceto the Parliamentary inquiry, we note that fake news is a clear threat to the democratic process, with the potential to severely disrupt the exercise of free and fair elections.

当假新闻导致暴力行为时,就会发生更严重的后果。在2018年,有二十多人被杀在印度,由于关于儿童绑架在WhatsApp和其他直接消息传递应用程序上传播的谣言。

解决方案是什么?

In response, governments, social media companies and civil society organisations are all eager to find sustainable solutions to the problem.

从广义上讲,此类解决方案有四类:调整算法以不利于操纵内容并开发新的内容来检测它;通过新的立法,反对创建和传播假新闻;改善现有的事实检查机制;并投资媒体扫盲教育。但是,这些方法中的每一种都有严重的弊端。

检测算法不是100%准确和灰色区域案例风险审查制度,并且具有backfiring潜在的。人类事实检查器的表现要好得多,因为它们是无法跟上正在产生的虚假新闻的数量。

Thecontinued influence effectof misinformation also ensures that people who have been exposed to misinformation often continue to believe in it, even after it has been debunked.

Finally, media literacy education has potential, but suffers from two issues: one, misinformation strategies evolve over time, making what you once learned less and less useful; and two, people who aren’t in education (e.g. the老年) are often more vulnerable to receiving and spreading fake news.

This leaves us with an interesting problem: how do you prevent the spread of misinformation?

Enter inoculation theory: the science of prebunking

As behavioral scientists, we decided to focus on prevention rather than combating the problem of misinformation after it has already gone viral:预埋rather than debunking. We draw oninoculation theory, a psychological framework from the 1960s that aims to induce pre-emptive resistance against unwanted persuasion attempts.

正如政府削弱了剂量的virus (the vaccine) triggers antibodies in the immune system to fight off future infection, we reasoned that pre-emptively exposing people to weakened examples of common techniques that are used in the production of fake news would generate ‘mental antibodies’. After all, if enough individuals are immunized, the informational ‘virus’ won’t be able to spread.

坏消息

To do so, we developed a free online browser game,坏消息, in collaboration with the Dutch media literacy organisationdrog。在游戏(图1)中,玩家扮演有抱负的假新闻大亨的角色:他们的任务是通过积极传播假新闻来吸引尽可能多的关注者,在此过程中学习6种常见的错误信息策略(包括两极分化,阴谋论,,以及在媒体中使用情感)。

该游戏通过让人们积极推动自己的方式来充当反对错误信息的“疫苗”howmisinformation works prior to being exposed to the “real” version on the internet.

Does it work?

We tested about 15,000 participants before and after playing using both fake (and real) headlines that included common disinformation techniques as part of content that participants hadn’t seen before.

结果,最近出版inPalgrave Communications, revealed that the intervention was effective. Figure 2 shows a violin plot of the mean reliability ratings of deceptive headlines on a 7-point scale prior to (blue) and after (red) playing, for various demographics. Participants significantly downgraded the reliability of fake (but not real) headlines after playing.

The effectiveness of坏消息as an anti-misinformation tool is emphasized by the fact that the game “works” across demographics including age, political ideology, and education levels.

Photo by Jon Roozenbeek & Sander van der Linden (Figure 2)

重要的是要注意,样本不是代表性的,干预不是随机的。但是,我们已经开始对游戏进行随机对照试验,并进一步证明了干预的鲁棒性。

在非学术方式中,该游戏也取得了巨大的成功。例如,我们着手制定一种干预措施,该干预措施将足以让大量人口自愿参与。

因此,到目前为止,有超过一百万的人玩过它,并且该游戏从设计公司,行为见解团队和积极评论from gaming websites.

与英国外交部合作坏消息has now been translated into 13 languages, includingDutch,German,Czech,抛光,希腊语,Esperanto,SwedishSerbian

这些发现突出了需要将这种方法应用于错误信息构成威胁的其他领域。

For example, we are currently working withWhatsApp打击直接消息应用程序上的错误信息。

当然,“预灌木”不是唯一的解决方案。我们将其视为第一道防线,这应该是后真相时代的多层反变信息策略,该战略将行为科学的见解与计算机科学,教育和公共政策的见解相结合。

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