我们“外国”基因的起源

根据研究出版于基因组生物学。纸上的作者阿拉斯泰尔·克里斯普(Alastair Crisp)告诉我们更多。

除了再现并将其基因传递到其后代(垂直基因转移 - VGT)细菌外,还可以通过称为水平基因转移(HGT)的机制将其基因彼此传递。

这允许有利基因的快速传播,例如抗生素抗性的基因,从细菌到细菌的基因,因此在细菌进化中可能起着比更常见的VGT的作用更大的作用。了解HGT在细菌中起着如此重要的作用,重要的是要了解它在动物中发生的程度,以便我们可以理解它在进化中的作用。

The role of HGT in animals is controversial.早期研究of HGT in humans predicted that many genes were involved, but随后的研究(包括论文这里and这里)发现了所使用的方法的问题,并且这个想法被广泛抹黑。

More recently在无脊椎动物中工作在寄生虫(细菌和真菌)及其宿主(昆虫和线虫蠕虫)之间发现了HGT,但是研究的重点是特定的配对或最多密切相关的物种。

在我们最近的论文中基因组生物学,我们选择的物种from around the animal kingdom and in every species we looked at we found evidence of HGT. We found some HGT that had previously been detected, but we also identified many new ‘foreign’ genes and the amount was much greater than seen before. This suggests that rather than being confined to simpler, single-celled organisms (e.g. bacteria) or to specific relationships (e.g. host-parasite pairings) HGT occurs in all species.

In humans, we confirmed 17 genes, previously-reported in the early study as foreign, were acquired by horizontal gene transfer.

In humans, we confirmed 17 genes, previously-reported in the early study as foreign, were acquired by HGT, and identified 128 additional foreign genes that had not been reported in that study. This included a small number of genes, such as the ABO blood group gene, that were identified in subsequent papers as having been acquired by vertebrates through HGT. The majority of the genes were related to enzymes involved in metabolism.

Levels of HGT were much lower than those seen in bacteria, where its estimated as many as所有基因的81%在某个时候可能参与了HGT,因此HGT在动物进化中的作用可能比细菌进化较少。

我们看到了每个物种中看到的HGT量的变化,但是有趣的是,脊椎动物和无脊椎动物之间的差异较少,而两组中的单个物种之间的差异较少。我们还发现证据表明,平均而言,脊椎动物HGT发生的时间比无脊椎动物HGT更长,并且在近期脊椎动物进化中的作用可能比最近的无脊椎动物进化较少。

分析基因时,我们通常将它们的序列相互比较,如果序列相关,我们假设它们来自共同的起源。当研究的基因来自不同的物种时,我们认为这意味着不同的物种是相关的,并且基因的共同起源在其共同的祖先中。但是,考虑到HGT,可能是该基因的共同起源实际上是在完全不同的生物体中,并且被转移到每个不同的物种中。

在我们的研究期间,我们看到了被认为是密切相关的基因实际上来自不同物种的基因,一种基因由通常的VGT遗传,而另一个则来自HGT。这很重要,因为我们根据我们的现代基因和物种与它们相关的模型,推断出有关过去基因和物种的信息,因为它们不再存在,因为它们不再存在。这项研究意味着我们需要重新评估我们的进化模型,以考虑HGT的贡献。

HGT还为我们提供了研究基因组进化的机制的机会。当HGT获得新基因时,可能会更改以适合其新物种。这样做的机制可能与任何新基因的演变中使用的机制相同,因此,通过查看HGT,我们可以了解所有基因。

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