目前几乎没有达成共识的措施，我们如何判断自然灾害后人道主义援助的影响？在这个来宾帖子中，克里斯托弗·李（Christopher Lee*）告诉我们他的刚刚发表的新论文BMC公共卫生，其中描述了2004年海啸之后在印度尼西亚阿塞（Aceh）进行的人道主义服务的影响评估。

On a sunny morning in Banda Aceh in January 2011, I woke up to the familiar sound of morning prayers and the occasional chirping bird. I was going to be driving down the coast to Meulaboh, another major town in Aceh Province in northern Sumatra that was devastated by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and subsequent earthquake.

海啸历史在亚齐（Aceh）是一个独特的历史。在海啸之前，该省陷入了分离主义团体之间持续的冲突Gerekan Aceh Merdeka（（GAM, or the ‘Free Aceh Movement’) and the Indonesian military. During this time, human rights abuses were reported on both sides, and Human Rights Watch estimated there were approximately 15,000 civilian casualties between 1976 and the imposition of marshal law in 2003.

该省对国际援助人员关闭，直到海啸发生六周后，海啸引起了前所未有的人道主义反应，并有效地结束了冲突的岁月。这场灾难也是第一个主要测试球项目，，，，a set of rights-based standards and indicators for the provision of humanitarian assistance.

Around noon, the sun was high overhead. We had been driving for a few hours and now had to disembark from our car so that we could put it on a crudely made motorized raft to cross a small river. I wondered, despite the hundreds of millions of dollars invested into this highway, how much had peoples’ lives changed not only a result of the tsunami but also as a result of the humanitarian response?

这re exists no single measure that can capture the complexity of a recovered life. Natural disasters tend to cause a precipitous loss of life in the immediate stages, but years are spent on immediate assistance, reconstruction, and recovery.

测量通常取决于谁在进行测量。学术界通常专注于创伤后压力，非政府组织的特定措施，通常通过其特定产出来评估，政府和政府间组织通常专注于系统恢复和基础设施。然而，这些措施通常会失败，以捕获幸存者恢复并在世界上运作的多个维度。

2010年，联合国大会认可耐用解决方案的框架for Internally Displaced Persons，认识到像难民一样，内部流离失所者可能会在返回原始房屋，本地整合到新环境中或在该国其他地方重新安置时有效地结束流离失所。

Guided by existing human rights instruments, a set of indicators were developed to determine how effectively displacement had ended which include the attainment of an adequate standard of living, safety and security, access to livelihoods, justice and reparation, restitution of property, recovery of documents, family reunification, and participation in all levels of public affairs. We saw this as an opportunity to, for the first time, apply these rights-based measures to those affected by the tsunami.

Six years after the tsunami, we found that most of these measures had improved when compared to households’ recall of their pre-tsunami life. These findings,出版于BMC公共卫生suggested that the Indonesian government’s approach of ‘building back better’ was largely effective.

接下来，我们试图确定如何确定人道主义反应的哪些方面可能导致更好的结果。这个问题至关重要 - 我们知道，受到直接灾难更富有和影响较小的家庭往往会做得更好，但是如果人道主义社区介入的因素是否会在恢复过程后实际上导致有意义的变化？

In order to create a single measure containing all of the indicators of the attainment of durable solutions, we used principal components analysis (PCA). PCA was an ideal approach because it can generate a single score that is self-weighted for the different types of variables used to construct it. After assigning every household a durable solutions score, we were then able to see what aspects of the recovery process were associated with higher or lower scores.

我们发现，庇护所和法律援助无论何时送达都是有益的，但是在恢复过程中送达时，生计援助是最有效的。我们还发现，人们流离失所的持续时间是他们当前结果的一致预测指标。尽管样本中的每个人都有效地定居在某个地方，但这样做的时间越长，与耐用解决方案得分的达到线性相关。

We are now looking at this data to determine what factors are associated with prolonged displacement, which may help prioritize certain types of interventions to minimize the time spent in displacement and potentially have a long-term beneficial effect on survivors of disasters. We have found, for instance, that households that lived in camps following the tsunami were displaced on average almost a year longer than those who lived with friends and family members.

这耐用解决方案的框架is publicly available and provides a human rights-based way to measure the end of displacement. We believe that these measures can be used by researchers, governments, and non-governmental organizations to assess the success of recovery and reconstruction processes and determine where responses have succeeded and failed.

我们终于到达了Meulaboh。这座城市发生了变化，但并没有得到认可。郊区的营房消失了，家人在摩托车上被拉紧，我很高兴我最喜欢的炸鸡餐厅还在那里。

*Christopher Lee, MD MSc MPH，是加利福尼亚大学，旧金山大学内科医学的常驻医师，也是约翰·霍普金斯·彭博公共卫生学院难民与灾难响应中心的助理