官方准则来自英国卫生部的清楚：15岁或以下的儿童不应喝酒。但是他们做到了。虽然说自己喝酒的年轻人人数has recently fallen，十几岁的时候仍然是我们大多数人都有第一次喝酒的时候。有些孩子在成为青少年之前就喝酒。

Now in新研究we published inBMC公共卫生we have found that UK 11-year-olds whose parents drink heavily are almost twice as likely to drink themselves than if parents are non-drinkers – and particularly if their mother rather than their father is a heavy or regular binge drinker.

Many parents fear that absolute prohibition will lead to secret drinking and a loss of trust in the relationship with their child. It would appear to be common sense that a child drinking a small amount of watered-down wine with a family meal may develop quite different later adolescent behaviors to a child swigging vodka with friends in a bus shelter. Common sense it might be, but there has been little robust research around this.

饮酒习惯

我们的研究利用了可用的详细和丰富数据Millennium Cohort Study在2000年至2002年之间出生的近20,000名儿童的生命之后。在11岁时，该队列中只有14％的儿童说他们喝酒。当被问及他们的朋友是否喝酒时，有78％的孩子说“不”。

我们发现，对于不喝酒的妈妈，11岁的孩子中有8％喝了。对于轻度饮酒者而言，这升至12％，对于饮酒者而言，它再次升至11岁的16％。

他们的父母还根据自己报告的饮酒频率将他们的父母分为三类：非饮用者，轻度饮酒者以及繁重或暴饮暴食的人。约有20％的妈妈和15％的父亲是非饮用者，妈妈和爸爸的60％是轻度或中度的饮酒者，而大约四分之一的爸爸，只有20％以上的妈妈是沉重或暴饮暴食的人。

我们发现，对于不喝酒的妈妈，11岁的孩子中有8％喝了。对于轻度饮酒者而言，这升至12％，对于饮酒者而言，它再次升至11岁的16％。因此，总的来说，与妈妈不喝酒的孩子相比，妈妈的少女或中度饮酒者的孩子在11岁时饮酒的风险增加了60％，而那些妈妈沉重或暴饮暴食者的饮酒风险增加了80％。父亲的饮酒似乎有大约一半的影响，而不管他是温和或狂暴的饮酒者。

说他们的朋友喝酒的孩子也是那些没有喝酒的朋友的孩子的四倍以上。

家庭生活和对酒精的看法

还询问了孩子们有关其他危险行为，例如吸烟或逃学以及他们对家人的感受。

Predictably, those children who reported being happy at home were less likely to drink than those who reported frequent family battles.

Predictably, those children who reported being happy at home were less likely to drink than those who reported frequent family battles. Where there were low levels of parental supervision, combined with a dad who drank heavily, the risk of the 11-year-old child drinking was, again, higher.

孩子对酒精危害的看法似乎也是一个重要因素。孩子认为酒精越危险，喝酒的可能性就越小。没有看到喝酒是一项危险活动的孩子 - 也有一个妈妈喝酒的孩子，他们在11岁时喝酒的可能性更大。

It is not possible for our study to judge whether parents’ level of alcohol consumption actually causes their 11-year-old to start drinking, but our findings show us a strong association between 11-year-olds’ drinking and their friends’ and mothers’ behavior. Family relationships, perceptions of risk and expectations regarding alcohol are also important, as are some more general characteristics of the family unit such as socioeconomic circumstances.

早期饮酒有多种可能原因的事实意味着应对这些风险的措施需要针对儿童生活的许多不同方面。一个尺寸将不合适。

11岁那年的绝大多数儿童尚未探索酒精。但是，孩子们当然需要更好地了解饮酒的风险。显然，学校和父母可以为这个时代的孩子提供最佳建议，信息和指导。