糖尿病生态系统和小岛发展中国家

Early photos and drawings of Pacific peoples show a lean, active, and healthy population that thrived in a challenging and isolated environment. How then did the Pacific Islands become one of the most intransigent diabetes hot zones on the planet?

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岛屿经常在非爱国者的思想中想到田园诗社区的概念 - 从土地和海洋中维持,支持与环境结合的健康生活。实际上,地球上的任何地方都没有比岛屿国家更明显的糖尿病负担。例如,太平洋岛国国家通过糖尿病患病率在国家排名中排名前10名中的9号国家(见下图)。

这怎么可能?

Pacific cultures have ancient histories of extreme exploration and migration across vast expanses of ocean, strong values on traditional forms of recreation and sustenance that prioritized working physically with sea and mountains, with banquets of locally-grown foods high in micronutrients and energy, like reef fish, breadfruit, taro, and coconut.

Early photos and drawings of Pacific peoples show a lean, active, and healthy population that thrived in a challenging and isolated environment. How then did the Pacific Islands become one of the most intransigent diabetes hot zones on the planet?

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根据我在整个太平洋和加勒比海地区工作的经验,几种常见的疾病似乎与不同的糖尿病生成环境的出现有关,这可能与较富裕,较大的国家 /地区的糖尿病生成环境有所不同。

首先,最近和整个历史上,许多岛屿被其他国家和文化殖民或以其他方式占领。

这种殖民化经常贬值,旨在消除当地语言,食品和文化传统。这些语言,食物和传统在特定的环境环境(在孤立的岛屿社区中尤其重要)演变,通常非常适合生活在其中的人群。

Over time, agriculture and commerce in colonized island communities shifted to serve the needs of the colonizing nation, replacing local practices and products, like eliminating traditionally-maintained taro patches with cash-cropped rice fields.

Frequently, colonizing nations dominate local markets, shifting to cash economies, with products derived in or otherwise benefiting the colonizer. Hence, we have long-established local markets in many Pacific Island communities for products like SPAM, tinned meats and fish, soft drinks, candy, and ramen noodles.

马歇尔群岛共和国Majuro新鲜捕获的礁鱼
马歇尔群岛共和国Majuro新鲜捕获的礁鱼

当社区销售本地丰富的微量营养丰富的食物,例如马歇尔群岛的礁鱼,在全球市场上,表面上筹集现金时,这总是让我成为全球奇怪的悖论金枪鱼和可乐。

This historical disruption of local systems in fragile isolated environments leaves inequitable, frequently dysfunctional and typically not sustainable local economies intricately connected to globalized ones.

因此,饮食会改变,随之而来的是,食品系统不仅会变得不那么局部且可持续性降低,而且营养含量的变化通常不适合种群生活的环境(例如,在碳水化合物中富含碳水化合物的饮食富含蛋白质的饮食更有用的环境)。

Another paradox as a result of these processes is that some in island communities view traditional foods as old-fashioned, not desirable, and associated with poor financial status. Packaged and prepared foods are often more desirable socially, their consumption sometimes perceived as indicating progress and wealth for a family.

岛屿糖尿病生成环境创造的第二个主要组成部分是体育活动的巨大转变,与以前被描述为传统经济和娱乐活动的社会和经济关系的转变(在很大程度上是农业,钓鱼,舞蹈,土著运动)相关。

随着社区工作转向现金经济体,参与传统娱乐形式的参与也发生了变化,通常会增加对家庭成员工作并产生现金支付费用的压力。

最后,随着时间的流逝,人们从从地点到机动运输工具过渡到越来越多的人到达目的地。迅速转移的饮食,传统活动的损失和机动运输增加的结合证明了人群的致命性,尤其是在糖尿病方面。

文化和经济力量在人群中是可实现的,需要进行故意生活方式改变的预防被证明是具有挑战性的,而且常常无效。糖尿病流行恰好发生在卫生系统通常无法跟上负担的地方。

糖尿病是一种复杂的疾病,需要常规监测,医疗和治疗干预以及生活方式改变以降低并发症的风险。在卫生系统脆弱或分散的地方,这些服务通常无法获得或负担得起。在整个太平洋岛屿上,由于糖尿病未得到充分治疗而导致四肢截肢或盲目的人们很常见。

该怎么办?

Something has to change, and that change needs to start with and engage those most directly affected: local communities. People need access to affordable foods, recreational opportunities, and programs to help them prevent disease. Researchers need to help identify what works best in local circumstances, and health systems need to be innovative in providing care that communities can access. These processes are not easy and occur in a complex web of globalization.

当地烹饪示范,马歇尔群岛共和国Majuro
当地烹饪示范,马歇尔群岛共和国Majuro

I am heartened to see strong, locally-generated movements to restore traditional sport, cultural events, and local foods in island communities, such as those found throughout the Pacific.

这些努力不仅可以增强健康并降低风险,而且还重新燃起了将人们彼此与环境联系起来的当地文化,价值观和传统。当文化股(尤其是与食物和娱乐有关的文化方面),由于许多太平洋社区正在经历的卫生危机社区的重新出现时,我看到了极大的自豪和热情。

太平洋的一位当地同事最近给我发送了一封电子邮件,想知道如何鼓励社区中的人们吃塔罗,鱼类,香蕉,山药和其他当地食品的新鲜面条。他确定这种可持续饮食对健康有益,并希望证据能够评估这一点,并获得可以塑造当地实践的舆论领导者的关注和尊重。这些食物很容易获得,并将岛民连接到他们的环境和过去。

围绕气候变化以及它可能对岛屿社区(尤其是位于广阔太平洋地区的岛屿)产生的巨大影响,已经适当地产生了许多新闻界。这些关注是真实而有形的,因为海洋似乎正在包围我们与之合作的社区。

我认为,更直接,紧急和关键的是,在某些太平洋岛国国家中,有时五分之一到四分之一,有时甚至更多的成年人口患有糖尿病。这一事实威胁着岛屿人口现在,造成不必要的痛苦和死亡现在,,,,和puts nations at risk for an unsustainable future现在

糖尿病的流行在岛屿社区是真实的和破坏性的。岛屿种群在其环境中得以生存和壮成长。转向环境,以帮助社区与其自定义生态系统资源和文化,尤其是与当地食品和娱乐传统相关联,这很可能是恢复健康的重要力量。

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3注释

Kishore Pariyar

您好,先生,谢谢您,祝贺您带给我们的文章。文章中提到的一切都是非常真实的,它清楚地描绘了您对太平洋岛民及其生活方式的知识。过去16个月,我一直在马歇尔群岛担任初级保健医生,一直在考虑它。除非领导人和教会负责人首先敏感,否则很难改变场景。我自己在基利工作了1年时,我已经尝试了很多事情,但徒劳无功。因此,仅组织意识营地并告诉他们当地食物,体育锻炼和定期随访的好处,根本不起作用。我已经进行了试验。从谁/其他Ingos和地方政府的合作努力中,一些艰苦而创新的步骤可以做一些事情,否则您会说,糖尿病会比海平面上升的岛屿更早地包裹这些岛民。
再一次谢谢你。您的文章说了我的感受。

David Herdrich

A well written article and important article, though I am puzzled by the swipe the author takes at addressing Climate Change. He mentions that the ocean is enveloping the islands, isn’t that, like diabetes, happening now? Isn’t coral bleaching happening now? Isn’t ocean acidification happening now? Should we really wait until the problems are much worse and irreversible? That’s what we seem to have done with diabetes. Do we have to wait until 50% of the island land masses are underwater? I don’t think see why we can’t address these problems at the same time. In fact, we must! Because if we only address diabetes at the expense of addressing Climate Change there will be no sustainable reefs to catch fish from for a healthy diet. The problems are interlinked; it’s an ecosystem of dependency relationships. People’s health depends on a healthy reef and Climate Changes is having a negative impact. And the more people want to eat healthy local fish the more they will want to protect the reefs from Climate Change. The problems are not somehow in competition with each other. I think we are intelligent enough to address two serious problems at the same time. And living here in American Samoa I do see hopeful signs of a buy local movement including local produce and local fish at restaurants and stores. In addition, more and more people are exercising and new gyms opening up to accommodate the demand. And sporting events like our local fautasi boat races have a record number of entrants. Still, I agree, much more needs to be done.

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