© Diana Samuel

喂养实践

A number of talks discussed the benefits of breast milk, such as the protective effects of breastfeeding against obesity. However, they also called attention to the lower protein content of breast milk compared to formula milk. This protein deficit is particularly problematic for low birthweight preterm infants as breast milk is not enough to maintain their optimal growth, and so a fortifier is required to fill this deficit.

Walter Mihatsch提供了防御力试验的概述，显示了确定母亲蛋白质状态的重要性（考虑到母亲的牛奶开始使用高蛋白质含量，预防效果最好）。

Early results from theBaby Connectome Projectpresented by布列塔尼·豪威尔（Brittany Howell）further discussed the impact of breast milk on the infant gut microbiome. Their microbiome exhibits enrichment during the first year of their life and changes drastically during this period. Breast milk has its own microbiome, and infants who are exclusively breastfed have less volatility in their microbiome before receiving complementary food.

在此阶段保持“健康”的微生物多样性和组成是关键，尤其是考虑到肠道微生物组与神经认知发展之间的关联，这本身也受到营养摄入的影响。

相比之下，肠道营养不良（如Bob Murray) can lead to an increase in pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, certain drugs – including antibiotics – can have a negative impact on the gut microbiome, thus strengthening the call for antibiotic stewardship programmes.

Genetics, diet and exercise

虽然健康饮食和运动的重要性是众所周知的，但会议提供了新的观点。Matt Silver指出,人们的饮食在冈比亚的变化asonally, as they rely on subsistence farming. This seasonality in turn can mean there are differences in fetal gene methylation depending on the time of year conception occurs. One such gene ispomc, a region of which is linked to obesity.

As pointed out byVimal Karani, an unhealthy diet can increase the genetic risk of obesity. For instance, the negative effects of fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene variants can be attenuated byhigh fibre intake(as shown in an Asian Indian population).

An unhealthy diet can increase the genetic risk of obesity.

In terms of diet itself,Ramón Estruchextolled the virtues of the Mediterranean diet, noting both diet and exercise to be the “best weapons” against cardiovascular diseases and chronic diseases. This was supported byTadej Battelino, who detailed the positive effects of physical activity with regards to cardiometabolic risks.

一个有趣的演讲Rosan Meyer阐明了食物过敏对生长的影响。即使经过适当的管理和饮食消除是最佳的，食物过敏的儿童的身材也可能很短。这可能是由于许多因素，包括喂养困难和微量营养素缺陷，需要进一步研究以了解该问题的复杂性质。

Impact of interventions

还讨论了几种干预措施的结果，尤其是那些针对发育迟缓和浪费的干预措施的结果。可悲的是，其中许多报告令人失望的结果。

由Jean Humphrey和colleagues (‘WASH Benefits’ and ‘SHINE’) involved promotion of WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) practices and/or better IYCF (infant and young child feeding). IYCF had a moderate impact on stunting, but neither WASH nor the combination of this with IYCF had an effect.

罗伯特·布莱克进一步指出，脂质营养素和锌补充剂对发育迟缓的影响有限。Andrew Prentice(co-Guest Editor for a newBMC医学article collection on儿童营养不良）标志着经济发展的积极趋势，表明贫穷国家的人需要激进的思想（尽管有一点点耐心），以便他们看到改善。

这次发人深省和发人深省的会议击败了许多关键点，例如两个都maternal and fetal diet, the long-term health impacts of gut dysbiosis and malnutrition, and – importantly – the need for new innovative ideas, and more longitudinal studies and clinical trials in order to bring about real change in all aspects of pediatric nutrition and growth.

BMC医学现在，人们欢迎提交有关儿童营养不良的新文章收藏：‘发育迟缓，营养不良和肥胖：儿童营养不良的三重威胁’。我们邀请了主要的研究文章和前后含量，研究了这个全球健康问题的问题和基本的中介因素，并强调了潜在解决方案的影响。