“You like to-may-to, I like to-mah-to”…what’s the problem with studying the Mediterranean diet?

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地中海饮食与许多地中海饮食(裁剪2)health benefits, from improved longevity to reduced incidence of cardiovascular disease, cancer and depression. However, while the positive impact of this dietary pattern is well-documented (see our previous博客),仍然存在许多未解决的问题和未解决的争议。

作为编辑BMC Medicine, we have encountered differences in opinion during the review and publication process of studies investigating the link between diet and health, with authors and reviewers raising pertinent questions such as:

是否应该将酒精和乳制品包括在地中海饮食的定义中?

Can the Mediterranean diet be applied to non-Western settings?

我们如何衡量遵守这种饮食模式?

为了探索这些开放的问题,我们邀请了全球临床医生和研究人员,对饮食和健康感兴趣,为论坛文章。我们要求作者概述地中海饮食对他们意味着什么,为什么在定义中存在差异以及如何研究健康益处。

地中海饮食是什么意思?

Kicking off the discussion in our论坛文章和accompanyingpodcastBiome magazine,Antonia Trichopouloufrom the University of Athens in Greece outlines how the Mediterranean diet can be considered a largely, but not exclusively, plant-based diet.

塔米·蒂恩(Tammy Tong)和Nita Forouhifrom the University of Cambridge, UK, describe the Mediterranean diet pyramid, recommended by theFundaciónDietaMediterránea, which promotes a high consumption of fruit, vegetables and cereals, low consumption of red meats, and moderate consumption of dairy, poultry and fish.

地中海饮食金字塔

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Trichopoulou强调,应将酒精包括在地中海饮食的定义中,但应限于餐食期间的葡萄酒消费。

What disparities exist in the definition?

The main disparities in the definition of the Mediterranean diet, as highlighted byMiguelMartínez-Gonzálezfrom the University of Navarra in Spain, concern the total amount and type of fat that should be consumed, whether low-fat dairy products should be included, and whether cereal全格林(Kaldari)消费应仅限于全麦。米歇尔·德·洛格里尔(Michel de Lorgeril)从大学约瑟夫Fourier, France, highlights that wheat is considered a major component of the Mediterranean diet in the 21st对于有麸质敏感性条件的人,应该建议使用富含麸质的谷物的世纪和替代品腹腔疾病

一个重要的开放问题是,为什么这些差异存在于地中海饮食的定义中。Martínez-González解释说,原因是复杂且理解不佳的原因,但是可能发生差异,因为不同的研究集中在地中海饮食的不同组成部分上。

For example, the landmarkLyon Diet Heart studycarried out by de Lorgeril and colleagues in the 1990s suggested that alpha-linolenic acid could be conferring the benefits, whereas the 2013predimed研究鉴定出橄榄油是针对心血管疾病的保护因素。

Scores to measure Mediterranean diet adherence in epidemiological and interventional studies have been developed, as summarized by Martínez-González, and such scores should facilitate a more standardized measure of Mediterranean diet adherence in future studies.

这种饮食模式如何应用于非中甲环境?

While the Mediterranean diet is traditionally prevalent in olive-growing countries in theMediterranean basin,它的影响越来越多地遍及全球。

Shweta KhandelwalDorairaj Prabhakaran印度公共卫生基金会从我们的论坛文章中描述了典型的印度饮食与地中海饮食模式的比较,强调印度使用的某些食用油(例如芥末油)可能会赋予与橄榄油类似的心脏保护作用。作者强调,在印度环境中需要进行介入的研究,以评估地中海型饮食对心血管风险的影响,并且需要资源来加强营养研究基础设施以进行此类研究。

鉴于最近的发现表明地中海饮食对认知能力下降的影响可能会在各种种族中有所不同,因此重要的是要在各种地理环境中建立影响。

我们如何使我们的饮食更加“地中海”?

With the ever-expanding body of evidence on the benefits of the Mediterranean diet and which components may confer its effects, it is important that these results are translated into effective dietary guidance.

Dariush Mozaffarian来自美国塔夫茨大学的重点是,我们应该专注于积极的饮食指导 - 即应该被消耗 - 而不是应该避免的。在Biome播客中,Mozaffarian提出,我们可以通过选择将水果摄入量增加到每天三分并跟踪进度的特定目标来朝着健康的饮食饮食,建议这样做:

“一次,一个人可以将饮食从传统的西方,高度加工和包装的食物饮食转变为更健康的地中海饮食”

您可以在我们的论坛文章上了解更多有关与地中海饮食相关的定义,争议和健康益处的更多信息https://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/12/112,并听我们的播客,包括MiguelMartínez-González,Antonia Trichopoulou和Dariush Mozaffarianhttps://www.biomedcentral.com/biome/a-mediterranean-diet-the-key-to-healthy-living/

This forum article is part of the cross-journal collection,Metabolism, diet and disease,它与我们的姐妹日报合作出版BMC Biology,并且仍在提交

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杰里拉莫斯

Just because the the various Mediterranean diets are healthier than the average European or U.S. diet does not mean these Mediterranean diets are optimum. Our closest relatives from a DNA standpoint are primarily herbivores, gorillas and chimpanzees. Many world regions where longevity is even better than Mediterranean are 90% to 99% plant foods. For more scientific analysis see “The China Study” by Cornell nutritional biologist prof. T. Colin Campbell. BTW, we’re vegans.

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